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investment casting France casting the working principle and design of the washing machine
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A washing machine works
At present, for the different needs of various industries, the washing machine is divided into the following categories:
(1) ultrasonic cleaning;
(2) high-pressure water column cleaning;
(3) Vibration cleaning;
(4) organic solvent cleaning;
(5) chemicals corrosive cleaning.
The ultrasonic cleaning is the main choice of the small size, the efficient cleaning of the large number of items, its technology is mature, the effect is obvious. The high-pressure jet of water cleaning is suitable for the cleaning of the building, etc., large-scale and large-scale objects, for its large water consumption, many scholars have done a lot of different occasions, the liquid control study. Vibration cleaning in the early parts cleaning, food, cleaning and so on many occasions to use more. While the cleaning of organic solvents and chemicals used only in exceptional circumstances. Therefore, the transformation of the casting the shelling class production line, the use of ultrasonic cleaning device is most appropriate.
The ultrasound is a density of vibration of the mechanical wave, with high energy. Cavitation phenomenon in a certain frequency range of ultrasonic input to the liquid surface. The so-called cavitation, the ultrasonic vibration liquid density, tear liquid, a hole-like bubble, a negative pressure or vacuum, a large number of bubbles in the process of generation and closed with great force. This phenomenon is called cavitation.
In general, the lower the ultrasonic frequency, the greater the resulting air gap, the cavitation effect is more obvious, more suitable for washing the surface roughness of the object. The high frequency ultrasonic bubble more suitable for washing a smooth surface and cavity of the object. Therefore, the equipment selection of a higher frequency of ultrasonic equipment.
The selection and arrangement of the two ultrasonic devices
2.1 The ultrasonic device
At present, there is a general ultrasonic cleaning machine for some of the more than parts, such as oil fixtures, medical equipment. Cleaning washing machine usually will be a lot of artifacts scattered on the cabinets, on the grid, the intensity of investment casting foundry shell, these devices are difficult to play the effect. In order to achieve the energy of the shell broken, the ultrasonic wave superposition method to improve the strength in a small area at the same time in other parts of the energy-dispersive. This washing machine is casting strength than the strength of the shell, shell in the strong cavitation destruction of the casting remains intact, to work, thus requiring the energy scattered in a certain range. Itself, the vertical conduction properties in the lower frequency ultrasound is not high frequency band is good, prone to divergent phenomena, signal devices and transducer frequency can not be too low.
2.2 Panel
The washing machine ultrasonic array panel design and layout into a globular structure shown in Figure 2 in order to converge the ultrasonic energy. Meanwhile, the point of convergence between the various panels in the center of the chassis on the sphere is 2/3 of the workpiece diameter in order to facilitate ultrasound uniform role in the workpiece. In general, investment casting and more production of some small parts, the overall diameter is generally no more than 320mm spherical ultrasonic aggregation of this equipment in a diameter of 200mm the center of the sphere. Shown in Figure 3, when the focus of convergence in spherical divergence, the entire workpiece can be more evenly absorbed energy.
3 shaft design
Order to make the case containing the parts of the cavity structure can be completely divisible, while clamping the workpiece to rotate in order to eliminate the dead point. Rotary mechanism with underwater motor problems in ultrasonic repeatedly under, should not be used. Therefore, the briquetting and ring to match the seal is more reasonable. Because the shell is broken, will produce a lot of small hard particles, the fixed ring seals and more softer material such as graphite, the role of ultrasound fixed circle of hard particles will cause damage. The same time, the shelling casting of the workpiece are generally mass production, the workpiece clamping efficiency is also very important. These spindle installed on the side of more appropriate. Box filled with liquid, ease of operation of the installation and unloading of the workpiece in the side quickly and more easily achieved. Using the channel as a washing machine jig and hinge supports, arranged in the side panel of the washing machine. The seal structure of the mechanical design commonly used in stainless steel and graphite pressure seal. In order to prevent the workpiece off the shell in the cleaning process in the ultrasonic wave cutting action seals, plus baffle to protect them. In order to prevent the washing machine during the operation of spindle axial movement of the spindle bearings swim solid way layout, in order to determine the position of the spindle. Spindle up and down the side in the form of the tongue and groove with the other components connected to the top with the workpiece fixture connection, fixture design and selection is usually based on a different artifact types. The bottom of the low-speed low-power reducer connected. Speed ??design 10r/min power of 100W. Low speed has been a lot of torque, enough to ensure that the spindle work.
The overall structure of the design
The strongest point of the ultrasonic cavitation in the water when the water temperature below 20 ° C. Will appear again in water heated to 20 ~ 40 ℃, high-intensity cavitation. Therefore, the washing machine needs to be heated on the water, in order to guarantee the efficiency of the machine. In addition, the water bubbles (cavitation) at work will also seriously affect the cavitation rate, so the washing machine to add the degassing device. Heating and degassing device outside the chassis.
Ultrasonic heating device and temperature sensing elements are generally on the cleaning of the chassis body, the device due to higher internal ultrasound intensity, install it to the cabinet will be a security risk, so install it to the circulatory system. The heating device with a ceramic shell of electric wire heating in the submersible pump relay control circuit is turned on, the heating device will not work. Degassing device is the most widely used in papermaking and metallurgical technology, the principle of a variety. Sewage treatment, the production of concrete forming construction projects are very common, the use of the degassing device. Therefore, there is no need for specialized degassing device design. The device chosen line vacuum degasser. The layout of the online degasser is usually installed in the input or output of the output of the pump. In order to ensure safe and reliable dewatering system design in the output portion of the submersible pump. This equipment using the Shanghai Shi Donggong Secretary for SD-TI vacuum degasser its maximum pressure of 0.6MPa, the motor power of 1.2kW, enough to meet the work requirements of the machine. Degassing device does not require a long time after the machine starts to run, in parallel with the heating device.
In the boot, first turn off the heating device of the valve and power supply, the water in the entire device after degassed and start working. At this point, turn off the valves and the power of the degassing device, open the valve and power of the heating device and heating device power control for intermittent. Among them, intermittent, and the opening time determined by the feedback voltage of the thermistor.
Ultrasonic panel, made up of spherical higher cost. This design will be made each small piece of panel is then fixed on the stent.
In order to make the ultrasonic convergence, each transducer using different angles of pairs of pads, according to a certain point of view of ultrasonic dispersion gather. The design of the selected ultrasonic transducer for full electronic equipment and columnar with spiral buckle-type transducer. Output power of 50W, diameter 45mm each piece of ultrasonic plate is composed of nine transducer, a power of 450W. Machine consists of seven ultrasonic panel, the total power is 3150W. Ultrasound in order to reduce the impact on operators, washing machine in the actual run-time method using ultrasonic impact on the casting cleaning. Appropriate protective equipment should be installed around the equipment to ensure normal production run.
5 Conclusion
Traditional industrial cleaning methods for the complex shape of the melting mold casting, the shelling process is cumbersome, difficult to effectively remove the shell, amounting to less than a high cleanliness cleaning requirements. Investment casting ultrasonic cleaning machine design applications, the use of high intensity ultrasound cavitation can effectively remove the shell and into the next process it efficiently, and in the case of workholding can more efficiently to clean up the shell.
Should adopt a different fixture and therefore different parts so that it is versatile, can better meet the industrial scale cleaning.
On the titanium forging forging process
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Forging is usually used to make shape and size close to finished, and then only for the final heat treatment and cutting rough. Forging temperature and deformation degree is to determine the alloy, the performance of the underlying factors. Heat treatment of titanium alloys with different heat treatment of steel, the alloy can not afford a decisive role. Thus, titanium forging the final process step of the process specification has a particularly important role.
To make titanium forgings can also obtain a higher strength and ductility, the overall deformation of the blank must be made not less than 30% of the amount of deformation temperature does not exceed the phase transition temperature, and should strive to temperature and deformation degree of deformation in the rough in the best may be distributed evenly.
And properties of titanium alloy forging steel forgings is less than uniform. Flow area in the metal heated by recrystallization heat treatment, the low times of fuzzy grain, high-powered for the equiaxed fine grain; in the deformation zone is difficult, due to deformation is small or no deformation, organizations tend to retain its pre-deformed state. Therefore, some important titanium forging parts (such as compressor disk, leaves, etc.), in addition to control the deformation temperature TB below and the appropriate degree of deformation, the control of the original rough organization is very important, otherwise, the coarse grain structure or certain genetic defects in the forgings, and subsequent heat treatment and can not be eliminated, will result in forging scrap.
Hammer forging titanium alloy forgings of complex shape, the local concentration of the thermal effects of the rapid deformation of the region, even if the strict control of the heating temperature, the temperature of the metal alloy may still exceed the TB. For example, forging cross-section for the rough-shaped titanium alloy, the hammer is too heavy, middle (web area) of the thermal effect due to deformation of the temperature effect than the edge part of the height of about 100 ℃. In addition, the difficult deformation zone and the region with a critical degree of deformation in the forging process after the heating and durable plastic is easy to form a lower intensity than the coarse grain structure. Therefore, the complex shape forging hammer forging, the mechanical properties are often very unstable.
Although the heating temperature is lower forging can eliminate the risk of overheating resulting rough, but will lead to sharp increase in deformation resistance, increased tool wear and power consumption must also use a more powerful equipment.
Hammer forging, the use of multiple methods can reduce the light hit the rough local overheating. However, it is necessary to increase the fire heating times, rough and cold to compensate for the loss of heat from the mold exposure.
Forging a relatively simple shape forgings and metal on plastic deformation and rupture strength index requirements not too high, to the use of forging better. But should not be used β alloy forging, die forging process due to repeated heating will adversely affect the mechanical properties. Compared with the hammer, press (hydraulic press, etc.) greatly reduced the pace of work, the alloy can reduce the heat deformation resistance and deformation effects. In the hydraulic press forging titanium, rough forging unit of hammer forging force than about 30%, which can increase the life of the mold. Also reduces the thermal effects of lower temperature than the metal overheating and the risk of TB.
When using press forging, and hammer in the forging unit pressure under the same conditions, the heating temperature can be reduced rough 50 ~ 100 ℃. Thus, the metal is heated and the cycle of interaction between the gas and the temperature difference between the blank and die accordingly reduced, thereby improving the uniformity of deformation, forging the organization has greatly improved the uniformity, consistency also will improve the mechanical properties . Reduce the deformation rate, the most significant value growth is surface shrinkage, surface shrinkage of tissue defects caused by overheating of the most sensitive.
Deformation characteristics of titanium alloy harder than steel mold into the deep and narrow slot. This is because the high deformation resistance of titanium, and tools as well as rough friction contact surface of the larger cooling too fast. To improve the mobility of titanium and improve die life. The usual practice is to increase the slope and corner radius forging and using lubricants: forging die edges on the bridge than the height of the Ministry of Steel, as big as about 2mm.
To make easy full-groove, and sometimes size can be used to bridge the Ministry of the flash tank to non-uniform speed limit or a certain part of groove metal to flow. For example, a rectangular box-shaped forging (see Figure 12), before and after the wall is thin; so thick wall. When the box-shaped pieces as shown Surrounded by BB flash slot, due to the metal flow around the wall of resistance, resulting in thinner metal to flow around the wall hard, filling dissatisfaction. Later, still in use around the wall as shown in BB flash slot, as shown in the left and right sidewalls use AA flash slot, the Ministry of size as the bridge width, combined with damping trench barriers, making the thin wall before and after fully charged, and the metal more ways to save using the above flash slot.
Improve the mobility of titanium to reduce the deformation resistance is one of the most effective way to improve the mold preheating temperature. Nearly three decades at home and abroad since developed isothermal forging, hot forging die, to solve large complex forming of titanium alloy precision forgings provides a feasible method. This method has been widely used titanium alloy forgings.
When using the method of forging titanium alloy closed die forging, due to pressure and reduces the life of the mold. Therefore, closed die forging blanks must be strictly limited to the original volume, which makes the preparation process complicated. Whether to adopt the closed die forging, the cost and feasibility of the process from two considerations. Open die forging, the edges rough weight loss accounted for 15% to 20%, holding part of the process of waste (by forging conditions must be left if this part) accounted for 10% of rough weight. Flash is usually with the loss of metal relative to the weight reduction and increased rough, some of the structural asymmetry, poor cross-sectional area and the presence of difficult to fill the larger part of the forging, flash can consume up to 50%. Although there is no loss of closed die forging flash, but the system blank, complex process, need to add more transition with a groove, it will undoubtedly increase the ancillary costs.
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To explore new methods of casting process
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New castings/">investment casting process in the development of improved methods based on conventional technology, the development of new
technology methods to further improve the casting quality, improve production efficiency, expand the application of investment
casting. \"Casting\" No. 6, 1978, reported the Beijing oil pump nozzle plant using a combination big cage module technology. Cage
of each component to ensure adequate stiffness module and double gating system, steel utilization increased by 10%: so. Hebei
Institute of Technology, etc. by controlling the casting, inner runner, gate rods clotting time, within the M ≤ M ≤ M pieces of
stick, and make solidification within the runner and gate closing bars in between the rods in the liquid gate pour melted metal
cylinder, gate-free casting. 1982, No. 2 \"casting\" Tsinghua University reported the use of vacuum suction casting filling,
control clotting time, coagulation, including runner, sprue is not solidified, remove the vacuum, the liquid alloy sprue return
within the furnace. The filling process performance, production of thin-walled castings, steel high utilization. The lifting of
the vacuum suction casting, according to thermal conductivity and absorption shell casting solidification time determine.
\"Casting\" in 1984 published the first three articles Ye Yong introduced electrophoresis system shell process. Module on the wax
dipping conductive coating, electrophoresis suspension for a small amount of chain phosphate electrolyte, adsorption of cations
to the surface of refractories in electric field, electrophoresis refractory occurs, the plot to look like the surface, and
electro-osmosis phenomenon occurs, a certain strength of shell. Electrophoresis system for small shell process, short production
cycle. \"Casting\" No. 4, 1984 reported the semi-western Beigong water gypsum, plus quartz powder, quartz glass, clay, plaster
filler for refractory casting process, production of large, complex aluminum castings. 621 semi-water gypsum, coal, fire-
resistant brazing filler stone, plaster shell to reduce shrinkage and reduce cracking. Titanium and its alloys are important in
the aerospace, petrochemical materials used in the late 1970s with the investment casting titanium castings, China is the world\\ s
top five investment casting titanium producers. \"Casting\" published in 1979 (2) Shanghai Iron and Steel Institute the use of
propane in the high-temperature vacuum pyrolysis, in corundum (TEOS hydrolysis graphite shell surface of the vapor deposition,
the titanium investment casting process. Beihang material Institute for the use of phenolic resin binder, graphite powder (sand)
for the production of graphite refractory shell, roasted in a vacuum resistance furnace, carbonized resin binder, obtained with
good strength and permeability of the shell, titanium production high-speed supercharger blades Shenyang Foundry Research
Institute in the \"casting\" 1986, No. 3 published articles, describes the use of ZTS-1 resin coating paired with toner, p-
toluenesulfonic acid as a curing agent, sand and graphite, ethanol preparation of coated sand , making shell, shell roasting at
high temperature and vacuum processing method of production of titanium casting process. \"casting\" No. 7, 1987 article published
Libang Sheng, the use of zirconium oxide ceramic powders, zirconia sol as a binder, the preparation of coatings prepared shell,
for titanium investment casting research.
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to improve the tensile strength of gray iron casting method

In order to improve the tensile strength of gray iron castings, alloy approach should be taken to improve the tensile strength of gray cast iron, with traces of appropriate alloys, such as: chromium, molybdenum, tin and other elements can also be significantly improved the tensile strength of gray iron castings at the same time to cooperate with the inoculation of molten iron.
It also can be used to lower carbon equivalent, gray cast iron in most of the carbon content of 2.6% to 3.6% silicon content of 1.2% and 33.0%, according to the thickness of gray cast to take as far as the lower limit, an appropriate increase in manganese content, generally gray cast iron manganese content of 0.4% to 1.2%, does not appear in gray cast the case as far as possible take the white cap.
Nodular cast in aluminum casting resin casting method is commonly used in sand, lost foam casting, followed by special casting methods, such as: metal casting, investment casting, plaster casting, etc. and can be divided into clay sand casting sand, Sand organic binder resin self-hardening sand, lost foam, etc. nodular cast in aluminum casting weight and size range is very wide, only a few grams of the lightest weight, most weight up to 400 tons, the wall thickness thin, only 0.5 mm, the thickness of more than 1 meter length by a few millimeters to ten meters, to meet the requirements of different industrial sectors.
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to improve the tensile strength of gray iron casting method

In order to improve the tensile strength of gray iron castings, alloy approach should be taken to improve the tensile strength of gray cast iron, with traces of appropriate alloys, such as: chromium, molybdenum, tin and other elements can also be significantly improved the tensile strength of gray iron castings at the same time to cooperate with the inoculation of molten iron.
It also can be used to lower carbon equivalent, gray cast iron in most of the carbon content of 2.6% to 3.6% silicon content of 1.2% and 33.0%, according to the thickness of gray cast to take as far as the lower limit, an appropriate increase in manganese content, generally gray cast iron manganese content of 0.4% to 1.2%, does not appear in gray cast the case as far as possible take the white cap.
Nodular cast in aluminum casting resin casting method is commonly used in sand, lost foam casting, followed by special casting methods, such as: metal casting, investment casting, plaster casting, etc. and can be divided into clay sand casting sand, Sand organic binder resin self-hardening sand, lost foam, etc. nodular cast in aluminum casting weight and size range is very wide, only a few grams of the lightest weight, most weight up to 400 tons, the wall thickness thin, only 0.5 mm, the thickness of more than 1 meter length by a few millimeters to ten meters, to meet the requirements of different industrial sectors.
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smelting iron, how to control the temperature of hot metal
Melting cast iron, hot metal temperature is as high as possible
Gray cast iron with hot temperature strength, hardness of the relationship:
A, in the 1300 ~ 1460 ℃ range, with the hot metal temperature, the tensile strength, Brinell hardness values ??are increased.
B, in the 1460 ~ 1500 ℃ range, with the hot metal temperature, the tensile strength continues to rise, but little change in
Brinell hardness.
C, in 1500 ~ 1600 ℃ range, with the hot metal temperature, the tensile strength is rising, but the Brinell hardness decreased.
2, with the hot metal temperature increasing its chemical composition and gas content changes:
In cupola melting, the existence of two reactions:
2 [C] + O2 2CO
[Si] + O2 SiO2
In a certain chemical composition and pressure, there is a balance between the reaction temperature, for with C3.3%, Si2 0% of
the iron, the equilibrium temperature TP is 1420 ℃, the molten iron in the TP +50 ℃, it will happen reduction reaction of Si:
SiO2 +2 C → [Si] +2 CO
Therefore, the production can be observed, the higher the temperature of hot metal, burning less silicate, silicon and even by
the phenomenon. Tests showed: low pouring temperature will increase the porosity of the rejection rate, and high pouring
temperature will increase the shrinkage of the rejection rate. Therefore, the production conditions, generally considered the
best pouring temperature is 1395 ~ 1420 ℃, but their different production conditions, can not copy someone else s conclusions.
3, the choice of hot metal temperature should be considered casting wall thickness, size and choice of grades.
Usually the greater wall thickness, temperature and pouring temperature can overheat due to lower; and with the higher grades,
the lower the carbon equivalent, hot metal temperature will rise. It is worth noting: the higher the grade, although the higher
temperature requirements, but the superheat is not only not increased but decreased, so, despite the pouring temperature of high
-grade casting high, but the mobility of hot metal pouring temperature is lower than low grade casting of mobility, the reason
is: the latter than the former high superheat.
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